What angle is generally not used for tapping a water main?

Tapping a water main involves creating an opening in the main line to connect to a new service line or to allow for maintenance. The angle at which this tap is made is important for ensuring a proper connection and minimizing the risk of water flow issues or structural weakness in the pipe.

A 90-degree angle is typically not used for tapping a water main because it creates a very sharp turn in the water flow. This can lead to turbulence, increased pressure losses, and potentially damage the integrity of the pipe over time. The use of a 90-degree angle could also impede the smooth flow of water, which is essential for efficient system operation.

In contrast, angles between 22 to 45 degrees or 15 to 30 degrees are more favorable as they allow for smoother transitions and reduced flow resistance. A slight angle of 0 to 15 degrees is also used, as it maintains a more straight flow path while still allowing for a connection. Therefore, understanding the appropriate angles for tapping helps maintain the efficiency and reliability of water distribution systems.