Which formula is associated with measuring C factor in piping systems?

The C factor, or roughness coefficient, is primarily used to describe the flow characteristics in piping systems. The Hazen-Williams formula specifically applies to the calculation of pressure loss due to friction in water pipes, which directly links to the C factor. This formula accounts for the diameter of the pipe, the length of the pipe, the C factor itself, and the flow rate, making it essential for engineers and maintenance workers assessing system performance in terms of water distribution.

The other options are significant in fluid dynamics but serve different purposes. Bernoulli's equation deals with the conservation of energy in fluid flow and doesn't directly focus on the friction losses associated with specific materials in piping. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to calculate pressure losses due to friction in more generalized terms and requires the Darcy friction factor rather than the C factor. The Continuity equation addresses the conservation of mass in fluid flow rather than focusing on pressure loss from friction within a pipe system. Thus, the Hazen-Williams formula is the correct choice when specifically discussing the C factor in the context of piping systems.