Which two types of hydraulic issues can occur while operating a valve?

Cavitation and water hammer are two significant hydraulic issues that can occur while operating a valve.

Cavitation happens when the pressure in the fluid drops below its vapor pressure, leading to the formation of vapor bubbles. When these bubbles travel to a zone of higher pressure, they collapse violently, causing shock waves that can damage the valve and other components of the hydraulic system.

Water hammer, on the other hand, occurs due to a sudden change in the flow of water, typically when a valve is closed rapidly. This causes a pressure surge or wave, which can lead to noise, vibrations, and potential damage to pipes, valves, and fittings.

Together, these two phenomena highlight the importance of carefully controlling fluid flow and pressure in hydraulic systems to maintain their integrity and prevent failures.